![]() ![]() At any given time, therefore, we are already following a host of duties, which guide and constrain how we may behave. Breach of these legal duties triggers financial consequences (fines), or even time in jail. We have a legal duty to pay our taxes, to refrain from committing violence against our fellow-citizens, and to follow other laws that Parliament has enacted. ![]() These duties are owed both to the state, and to other individuals. The first thing to note is that as citizens, there exists a wide range of duties that bind us in everyday life. Modi a versatile genius who thinks globally and acts locally: Justice Arun Mishra Webs of duties Nonetheless, despite its plausibility, this conflation of rights and duties ought to be resisted. They conjure up the image of the ungrateful and selfish citizen, happy to pluck the fruits of civilisation, but unwilling to do their bit to water the tree. There is, of course, an intuitive plausibility to the CJI’s words. Hind Swaraj, observed that “real rights are a result of performance of duty.” He then went further, and citing Gandhi’s Bobde, drew attention to the Constitution’s Fundamental Duties chapter. International Judicial Conference 2020 this weekend, the Chief Justice of India, S.A. “Fundamental duties” have been making a comeback as well: at an “Anti-national” has become a boundlessly manipulable word, that, in the spirit of Humpty Dumpty, can mean whatever those in power want it to mean. Indira Gandhi’s Emergency regime has long been consigned to the dustbin of history, its legacies endure. ![]() “Fundamental duties” and “anti-national activities” came into the world fused at the hip. ![]() it is also proposed to specify the fundamental duties of the citizens and make special provisions for dealing with anti-national activities.” And in the Amendment’s Statement of Objects and Reasons, one line stands out: “. These changes were intended to entrench the supremacy of the government, permanently muzzle the courts, and weaken the constitutional system of checks and balances which was designed to avoid concentration and abuse of power. At the height of the Emergency, Indira Gandhi’s governmentĮnacted sweeping changes to the Constitution , ![]()
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